Medical Topic

 •Medical Topics

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

UNIT I:

Terminology and General Plan of the Body, Body Parts and Areas, Terms of Location and Position, Body Cavities and their membranes, Dorsal cavity, Ventral cavity, Planes and Sections.

UNIT II:

Cells: Structure, function and location, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Cell organelles, Cell division. Tissue, Types, Structure, Location and Function of Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nerve Tissue, Membranes, Glandular tissue. The Integumentary System: structure and function of The Skin, Subcutaneous Tissue.

UNIT III: 

Cell physiology: Structure, membrane, transport across cell membrane, Active, Passive, Organization of the Body, Body Composition, Body Fluid Volumes and its measurement, Diffusion, Osmosis, Tonicity, Homeostasis.

UNIT IV: 

Blood-composition, function, cellular component their function, haemoglobin and

anaemia, blood groups and coagulation. Lymphatic system-Composition function of

lymph, lymphatic tissue, Immunity with the role of thymus.

UNIT V: 

Musculoskeletal System: Basic anatomy of important muscles and bones, Structure of skeletal muscle. Muscle contraction and relaxation.

UNIT VI: 

Cardiovascular system: general arrangement, heart, arteries, veins and capillaries, heart structure and function, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, heart rate, blood pressure, mechanism of circulation, definition of hypertension shock.

UNIT VII: 

Respiratory system: parts of respiratory system, mechanism of respiration, pulmonary function, pulmonary circulation, lungs volume, Gas transport between lungs and tissues, Definition of hypoxia, dyspnoea, cyanosis, asphyxia and obstructive airways

diseases.

UNIT VIII:

Digestive system: basic anatomy of oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas.

UNIT IX:

Gastrointestinal physiology: Organs of GIT and their structure function, secretion, digestion, absorption and assimilation, gastrointestinal hormones, physiology of digestion of carbohydrates, proteins lipids, Structure function of liver, spleen, gall bladder pancreas, Jaundice, Cirrhosis Pancreatitis.

Renal physiology: Structure and function of renal system. Urine formation, micturition, renal clearance test, renal buffer system.

UNIT X:

Endocrine system: Different hormones in endocrine system. Action of pituitary, thyroid parathyroid, adrenal and gonadal hormones. Body temperature regulatory process in human - role of endocrine and nervous system.

UNIT XI:

Neurophysiology: Reflex system, automatic nervous system, parts of brain and function of each part. Nerve tract and their role.

UNIT XII:

Special senses: Structure of retina, rhodopsin and iodopsin cycle, visual tract, accommodation. Auditory tract, mechanism of audition. Structure of taste bud, taste pathway, Olfaction and its physiology.

UNIT XIII:

Reproductive system: Male and female reproductive organs, Gametogenesis, Ovula-tion, Menstrual Cycle.

PATHOLOGY

UNIT I: 

Introduction History of pathology, Basic definitions and familiarization with the common terms used in pathology, Causes and mechanisms of cell injury, reversible and irreversible injury, Introduction of hyperplasia, hypoplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia, necrosis and apoptosis.

UNIT II:

General features of acute and chronic inflammation: Vascular changes, cellular events, Cells and mediators of inflammation, Phagocytosis and its mechanism.

UNIT III: 

Tissue Renewal and Repair, healing and fibrosis, cirrhosis, introduction of oedema,

hyperaemia, congestion, haemorrhage, haemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, shock and hypertension.

UNIT IV:

Protein energy malnutrition, deficiency diseases of vitamins and minerals, nutritional

excess and imbalances. Role and effect of metals (Zinc, Iron and Calcium) and their defi-

ciency diseases, Aetiology and pathophysiology of diabetes, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, respiratory diseases (COPD), Parkinson disease, Infectious Diseases: pathogenesis overview of modes of infections, prevention and control with suitable examples like Typhoid, Dengue.

UNIT V: 

Cancer: Definitions, nomenclature, characteristics of benign and malignant neoplasm, metastasis, Carcinogens and cancer, concept of oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, DNA repair genes and cancers stem cells.

UNIT VI:

Haemoglobin, structure, function and types, Haemoglobinometry, Haemoglobin estimation by various methods, advantages and disadvantages, physiological and pathological variations on blood parameters, Hemocytometry, visual and electronic method, Neubauer counting chamber, RBC count, WBC count, Platelet’s count, absolute eosinophil count, principle, procedure, calculation, significance, precautions involved during counting, absolute count of various WBCs. Physiological and pathological changes in values, Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, manual and automated method, factor affecting ESR, packed cell volume, red cell indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC), Physiological and pathological variations in value.

UNIT VII:

Complete blood count, determination by automated method and significance of each

parameter, Reticulocyte count, routine examination of CSF, semen, sputum and stool.

UNIT VIII:

Mechanism of coagulation, coagulation factors, bleeding time, clotting time, platelet count, protamine sulphate test, clot retraction test.

UNIT IX:

Introduction to immune-hematology and blood banking technology, antigen, antibody,

complements, ABO and Rh blood group system, method of determination, other blood

group system, Donor selection, blood collection, anticoagulants, additive systems, blood bags, its labelling, storage and transportation.

UNIT X:

Uses, care and maintenance and calibration of Coulter counter, coagulometer, automatic ESR analyser, urine analyser, point of care testing, Pre and Post analytical variables, automation in haematology.

GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY

UNIT I:

Development of microbiology as a discipline, Contributions of Anton von Leeuwenhoek,

Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister, Alexander Fleming, Edward Jenner, Intro-

duction to bacterial taxonomy, Classification of Bacteria, Morphology based on size, shape, arrangement, motility, flagella, spores, capsules, cell wall, plasma membrane, pili, and ribosomes.

UNIT II:

Microscopy: Study of compound microscope – magnification, numerical aperture, resolution and components of microscope. Dark ground illumination, care of microscope and common difficulties micrometry. Bright Field Microscope, Dark Field Microscope,Phase Contrast Microscope, Fluorescence Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope.

UNIT III:

Cell size, shape and arrangement, cell-wall, composition and detailed structure of Gram

positive and Gram-negative cell walls, Cell Membrane: Structure, function and chemical

composition of bacterial cell membranes. Cytoplasm: Ribosome, mesosomes, inclusion

bodies, nucleoid, chromosome and plasmids, Endospore: Structure, formation.

UNIT IV:

General safety measures used in Microbiology laboratory, Sterilization and disinfection: Various physical methods of sterilization – heat, UV radiation, ionizing radiation, filtration, characters affecting sterilization, auto clave control and sterilization indicators. Biomedical waste management in a Medical Microbiology laboratory: Types of the waste generated, Segregation, Treatment, Disposal.

UNIT V: 

Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Definition, types and properties, mode of action, use, qualities of good disinfectants. Chemical disinfectants – phenol and its compounds, alcohol, halogen, heavy metals and quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehyde, gaseous compound. use and abuse of disinfectants. Precautions while using the disinfectants.

UNIT VI:

Lab organization, management, recording of results and quality control in Medical Microbiology Lab. Safety measures in Microbiology Laboratory, Occurrence of lab infections, route of infections in laboratory, safety measures precaution in use of pathogens

in teaching.

UNIT VII:

Host pathogen interaction: Definitions - Infection, Invasion, Pathogen, Pathogenicity,

Virulence, Toxigenicity, Carriers and their types, Opportunistic infections, Nosocomial

infections. Transmission of infection.

UNIT VIII:

Principle, working, use, care & maintenance of Laminar air flow, Centrifuge, Autoclave, hot air Oven, Incubator, Colony Counter, Muffle Furnace, Macintosh Field jar etc. Sterility testing of I/v fluids, Collection, transportation and processing of I/v fluids for bacterial contamination, Recording the result and interpretation.

UNIT IX:

Hospital acquired infection, Specimen collection from patients, clinics and hospitals,

Specimen collection for epidemiological investigations, role of microbiology laboratory in control of nosocomial infection.

UNIT X:

Antimicrobial agents and Antibiotics: Introduction, mechanism of action, classification and uses, Antibiotic susceptibility testing in bacteriology, Culture medium used for Antibiotic susceptibility testing, Preparation and standardization of inoculums, Control bacterial strains, Description, morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, cultural characteristics, clinical features and lab diagnosis of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Pneumococcus, Neisseria, Bordetella, Choice of antibiotics MIC and MBC: Concepts and methods for determination. Various methods of Antibiotic susceptibility testing with special reference to Stokes and Kirby-Bauer method.

UNIT XI:

Description, morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, cultural characteristics, clinical features and lab diagnosis of Clostridia, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Spirochaetes, Chlamydia, Actinomyces, Rickettsia, Yersinia, Brucella;

Introduction of Mycology: Definition, general properties and classification Cutaneous

mycoses, Systemic mycoses, Opportunistic mycoses Culture and laboratory test for

fungus.

BIOCHEMISTRY

UNIT I: 

Carbohydrate – Definition, Source, Classification, Functions and Importance, Physiological importance of major type of carbohydrates. Carbohydrate metabolism – Glycolysis, HMP shunt, TCA cycle, Glycogenesis,Glycogenolysis, Neoglucogenesis, Blood sugar level.

UNIT II: 

Protein – Definition, Source, Classification, Function and Importance of major type of proteins. Protein metabolism-Transamination, Transmethylation, Deamylation, Urea synthesis, Inborn error of metabolism.

UNIT III: 

Lipids - Definition, Source, Classification, Function of major type of lipids. Saturated and Unsaturated type of fatty acids, Essential fatty acids and their importance. Phospholipids and their importance. Lipid metabolism – Fatty acid oxidation, Ketone

bodies, Metabolism of cholesterol, Arteriosclerosis and Obesity.

UNIT IV: 

Enzymes: Definition, Classification of enzyme, Cofactor Coenzymes, Concept of active sites and general mode of action of enzymes, units for measuring enzyme activity, factor affecting enzyme activity.

UNIT V: 

Nucleic acids: Structure, Function and types of DNA and RNA, Nucleotides, Nucleosides, Nitrogen bases, purines and pyrimidines and role of Nucleic acid.

UNIT VI: 

Vitamins: classification, function and disease associated with vitamins. Minerals and ions: Requirement, function and biological importance of Calcium, Iron, Iodine, Zinc,

Phosphorus, Copper, Sodium and Potassium.

UNIT VII:

Introduction to Clinical Biochemistry and role of Medical Lab Technologist, ethics,

responsibility, safety measure and hazards in clinical biochemistry lab and first aid in

laboratory accidents. Glassware’s & plastic wares used in lab, calibration of volumetric

apparatus, cleaning care and maintenance.

UNIT VIII:

Principle, working, care maintenance and calibration of Weighing balance, Hotplate,

Magnetic stirrer, Centrifuges, Incubator, Hot air oven, Colorimeter, Spectrophotometer, Water distillation plant, Deionaiser Henderson Hassel balch equation, pH paper,

pH meter, method of pH measurement.

UNIT IX:

Preparation of solution and reagents, normal solution, molar solutions, percent solution,

buffer solution, dilutions, w/v, v/v, standard solution, aqueous solutions, concepts of acid and base Units of measurement: SI unit, reference range, conversion factor, units for measurement of bio metabolite, enzymes, protein, drugs, hormones, vitamins.

UNIT X:

Specimen collection and processing of blood, urine & CSF, separation of serum and plasma, deproteinization of sample, Handling of specimens for testing, preservation of specimen, transport of specimen, factors affecting the clinical results, effect of storage

on sample.

UNIT XI:

Physical, chemical and microscopic examination of urine, Bence Jones Proteinuria and its clinical significance, qualitative test of urine for reducing sugars, protein, ketone bodies, bile Salt, bile pigments, urobilinogen, occult blood, uric acid, urea and Creatinine,

quantitative estimation of 24 hrs urine for protein and their clinical significance.

HEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING

UNIT I:

RBCs, formation, morphology, cytoskeleton, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, metabolism,role of 2, 3- BPG and oxygen dissociation curve. Anaemia and its classification, Morphological and etiological, pathogenesis, laboratory investigations and management, Iron deficiency anaemia, metabolism of iron, pathogenesis, laboratory investigations and management, principle and procedure of special test Megaloblastic anaemia, pernicious anaemia, pathogenesis, laboratory investigations.

UNIT II: 

Haemoglobin, its synthesis and types, normal and abnormal hemoglobin, extravascular and intravascular haemolysis. Haemolytic anaemia, pathogenesis and laboratory investigations, principle and procedure of special test, G-6-PD.

UNIT III: 

Leukopoiesis, Stages of Leukocyte Maturation, Features of Cell Identification, leucocytosis and leucocytopenia, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, basophilia, monocytosis, lymphocytosis, neutropenia, lymphopenia, causes and significance, toxic granulation, Morphological alterations in neutrophil, effect of HIV on blood cell parameter.

UNIT IV: 

Overview of haemostasis and coagulation, Stages of platelets development, Primary and Secondary haemostasis, Role of platelets, Role of coagulation factors, Coagulation inhibitory system, Fibrinolysis.

UNIT V: 

General blood picture, estimation of iron, TIBC, Transferrin, Ferritin, Plasma haemoglobin,Vit.B12, Folic acid, FIGLU test, Schilling test, Parietal cell antibodies, G-6-PD, Osmotic fragility test, Heinz bodies, Perls Prussian staining, Platelet count, Platelet aggregation test, PT, INR APTT, Mixing experiments in PT and APTT, Thrombin time.

UNIT VI: 

Aplastic anaemia, Anaemia of chronic disorders, Sideroblastic anaemia, Haemolytic

Anaemia, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory investigations, Bone mar-

row examination, composition functions, aspiration techniques, processing and staining.

UNIT VII: 

Hemoglobinopathies, qualitative and quantitative, Sickle cell anaemia, sickle cell trait, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and laboratory investigations, Disease management and prognosis, Sickling test, Thalassaemia, classification, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory investigations, haemoglobin electrophoresis.

UNIT VIII:

Leukaemia and its classification, WHO and FAB classification, AML, ALL, CML, CLL, its etiology, clinical features, laboratory investigations Cytochemistry involved in diagnosis of various types of leukaemia.

UNIT IX:

Qualitative and quantitative disorders of platelets, hypercoagulable test, Disorders of

secondary haemostasis, haemophilia and its lab diagnosis, Von- Willebrand disease,

Disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombosis, Disorder of fibrinogen, test for

bleeding and coagulation disorders, correction, studies for factor deficiency, quantitative factor assay. LE cells, its demonstration and significance, lupus anticoagulants, Blood parasites, Malaria, Trypanosomes, Filariasis, Leishmania.

UNIT X:

Basic Principles of Blood Banking, Antigen, Antibody, naturally occurring antibody,

Complement, ABO Rh blood group system, Methods of blood group determination,

Forward and Reverse grouping, Slide Tube method, Gel method. Other blood group system such as Lewis, MNS, Kell Duffy etc. Anticoagulants and preservative used in

blood bank, Donor selection criteria, Blood collection and processing.

UNIT XI:

Transfusion transmissible infectious disease screen, Coomb’test, Cross matching, Compatibility testing, Antibody Screening Identification, Grading of Reaction/Agglutina-

tion.

UNIT XII:

Blood components and its preparation, preservation, storage and transportation. Indications for different blood component transfusion, Blood transfusion reaction and its

type, Introduction of stem cell banking and bone marrow transplantation.

UNIT XIII:

Apheresis, indications of hemapheresis, plasmapheresis, plateletspheresis, plasmapheresis Quality control of reagents, equipment, blood components used in transfusion medicine.Role of NACO, Indian Red Cross Society, DGHS and blood transfusion services.

HISTOPATHOLOGY

UNIT I:

Cell: basic structure and function, cell organelles, cell cycle, Benign and Malignant

tumors, Instruments used in cytology, preparation of buffers, stains, Microscopy: Light, compound, phase contrast, fluorescence.

UNIT II: 

Introduction of histopathology, cytology histo-techniques, laboratory organization, care maintenance of equipments used in histotechnology lab, Safety measures in his-

totechnology lab Reception, Recording, Labelling and transportation of tissue speci-

mens, Basic concepts of fixation and various types of fixative used in histopathology

and cytopathology.

UNIT III: 

Tissue and its types, Location and function, grossing of tissues, whole mount, sections,

smears, tissue processing and its steps, manual and auto mated method, components

and principle of automatic tissue processor. Decalcification, decalcification methods, types of decalcifying fluid, Processing of bones and teeth, Embedding media, its type and properties.

UNIT IV:

Instruments and equipment’s used in cytology Fixation and Fixatives used in cytology,

Adhesive and mounting media, Cell block and cytospin technique, Staining such as PAP, Diff-quick, MGG, HE, Shorr staining, significance of PAP-HPV, Destaining and restaining of slides, Cover slipping.

UNIT V: 

Aspiration and exfoliative cytology, Patient preparation, Sample collection, Fixation,

Processing and Staining FNAC, collection, processing of sample and staining, on site

quick staining procedure. Pap staining, Progressive Regressive, Hormonal cytology in

different age groups, Collection and processing of sputum, BAL, CSF, Pleural, peritoneal and pericardial fluid, Gynaecologic sample.

UNIT VI:

Sex chromatin demonstration, Introduction of Immunocytochemistry, different markers

and its applications, Automation in cytology, Liquid based preparation automated

screening device.

UNIT VII:

Staining of carbohydrates: preparation of Schiff reagent, PAS staining, Alcian blue,

staining of glycogen, Amyloid, other staining method. Connective tissue & its staining:

Trichrome staining, verhoeff stain, Weigert Resorcin stain, Gordon’s and Sweet stain,

Gomori’s method, von Geison stain, PTAH stain.

UNIT VIII:

Demonstration of minerals and pigments in tissue sample, Demonstration and identification of lipids, Demonstration of enzymes, diagnostic application and the demonstration of phosphatases, dehydrogenases, oxidases and peroxidases, Demonstration of microorganism on tissue specimens, Bacteria, AFB, Actinomyces, spirochetes, fungi.

UNIT IX:

Demonstration of nucleic acids, Processing and staining of bone marrow sample. Fixation, Processing and section cutting of bones, eye ball, Techniques in neuropathology: Neurons staining, Myelin, Neuropathology lab specimen handling.

UNIT X:

Demonstration of sex chromatin, Museum techniques, Electron microscopy: Principle and working, fixation, processing and staining of tissue Fluorescence Microscope: Principle and working.

UNIT XI:

Immunohistochemistry: principle, types, applications, antigen retrieval, APAAP, PAP

Staining, Quality control in histopathology.

UNIT XII:

Microtome, its type and working, various type of microtome, Microtome knives, its type

and knife sharpening, Section cutting, fault and remedies, Section adhesive. Cryostat,

frozen sections of fresh, fixed and unfixed tissue, freeze drying, rapid frozen sections and

staining for emergency diagnosis, Dye chemistry, Stains and dyes, natural dye, acidic

dye, basic dye, neutral dyes, fluorescence dye, mordant, accelerators, accentuators,

metachromasia, metachromatic dyes. Progressive, regressive, vital, supravital staining, types of hematoxylin, Haematoxylin and eosin staining, use of control sections in tissue staining, mounting and mounting media, advantages disadvantages, refractive index.

CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 

UNIT I: 

Hormones, Classification of hormones, organs of endocrine system their secretion and

function, regulation of hormone secretion, Mechanism of action.

UNIT II: 

Thyroid function test: Thyroid hormones, biological function, hypothyroidism, hy-

perthyroidism, Determination of T3, T4, TSH, FT3, FT4, TBG, Disorder associated

with thyroid dysfunction.

UNIT III: 

Infertility profile: LH, FSH, TSH, oestrogen, Progesterone, Total Testosterone, Free

testosterone, DHEA-S, 17- Ketosteroids, Prolactin, their estimation and clinical signif-

icance, reference range, hypo and hyper secretion, Triple Test.

UNIT IV: 

Growth hormone, ACTH, Aldosterone, Cortisol their estimation and clinical significance, reference range, hypo and hyper secretion.

UNIT V: 

Introduction of Toxicology, Alcohol poisoning, Lead poisoning, Zinc poisoning, Mercury

poisoning drugs abuse, screening procedure for drug screening, Spot tests, hair and urine

test, Immunoassay for drugs.

HEALTH EDUCATION AND HEALTH COMMUNICATION

UNIT I: 

Health Education: Principles Objectives, Levels of Health Education, Educational Methods, Evaluation Practice of Health Education in India. Health Counselling: Introduction, Theories, Process Techniques. Health Care Reporting, Role of NIC Other Bodies, Research in Health Education.

UNIT II: 

Heath Communication: Basic Concept Principles of Communication, Definition, Purpose, Types of Communication, Communication Process, Directions of Communication: Upward, Downward, Lateral, Factors influencing Communication, Barriers of Effective Communication.

UNIT III: 

How to overcome the Barriers Models of communication: Aristotle Model, Shannon

and Weaver model, Schramm Model, Laegan’s Model, Fano Model, Literer’s Model, Westly Maclean’s Model.

UNIT IV: 

Mass communication Role of Media in health education, Information Communication

Technologies (ICT) in health care and awareness. (Telemedicine e-health, community radio) Future trends in information and communications systems.

BIOMEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT 

UNIT I: 

Present Scenario of Bio-medical waste – Concepts and Perceptions, Waste Generation,

Segregation, Disposal.

UNIT II: 

Planning and Objectives of BMW Management, Survey, Policies and Perspectives of BMW Management.

UNIT III: 

Record Keeping, Management of Bio-medical Waste, Technologies for Treatment for BMW, Criteria for selecting appropriate Medical Waste Technologies.

UNIT IV: 

Training, Occupational Safety and Health Issues.

UNIT V: 

Legal Aspects and Environment Concern, Implementation of Action Plan, Approaches

to Common Regional facility.

BACTERIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

UNIT I: 

Historical background, general concepts of the immune system, innate and adaptive

immunity; active and passive immunity; primary and secondary immune response. Cell and organs of immune system, Phagocytosis.

UNIT II: 

Antigens and haptens: Properties, foreignness, molecular size, heterogeneity, Band T Cell epitopes; T-dependent and T independent antigens. Antibodies: Historical perspective of antibody structure; structure, function and properties of the antibodies; different classes, subclasses and biological activities of antibodies; concepts of antibody diversity, isotype, allotype, Introduction of hybridoma technology, monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibody.

UNIT III: 

Mechanism of humoral and cell mediated immune response. Introduction of Major

Histocompatibility Complex, organization of MHC and inheritance in humans; Antigen

presenting cells, antigen processing and presentation, complement system and complement fixation test.

UNIT IV: 

Laboratory tests for demonstration of antigen – antibody reaction such as agglutination,

precipitation,ELISA,RIA,Immunofluorescence, Rheumatological diseases, etiology and pathogenesis and lab investigations.

UNIT V: 

Introduction of parasites, host, zoonosis, host parasites relationship, sources of infection, mode of infection, pathogenesis, immunity in parasitic infection Lab diagnosis nt amoeba histolytica, Malarial Parasites, Leishmania, Trypanosomes, their morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis.

Helminthology: Introduction and classification, Taeniasolium, Taenia Saginata, Fasciola, Ascaris, Wuchereriabancrofti their morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis. Hookworm, Trichuris. Dracunculus their morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features and lab diagnosis.

UNIT VI: 

Diagnostic methods in Parasitology: Introduction, Examination of stool, urine,

blood, Culture methods, Immunological diagnosis and serology.

COMMUNITY MEDICINE

UNIT I: 

Natural History of Disease: Determinants of health, multi – factorial causation of disease host, agent, and environment relationship primary, secondary and tertiary levels of prevention with examples related to few diseases of national importance. Mode of Transmission of Disease: Air – borne, vector and vehicle transmission; Methods of control with examples for control of each mode.

Disinfection: Disinfection of the infective materials received in the Laboratory by

using the appropriate disinfection methods, at the health centre level.

UNIT II: 

Health Services: Brief description of organization of health services at the centre and state levels; Primary Health Care - Definition, components and principles of primary health care; Health for all indicators; Primary Health Centre - The functions, staffing pattern and the role of laboratory technicians in primary Health Centre.

UNIT III: 

National Programmes of Health and Disease Eradication /Control: Health Programmes Family Welfare Programme, National Programme for water supply and sanitation, Nutritional Programmes, Immunization and universal immunization programme; Disease Eradication programme - Leprosy Guniea worm; Disease control programmes - Tuberculosis, Malaria, Filaria, S.T.D, Goitre, Cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases and National Programme for prevention of blindness including trachoma.

UNIT IV: 

Demography & Population Control: The factors influencing population growth, death rate, birth rate and methods of contraception.

UNIT V: 

Environmental Sanitation: Methods of water purification and disinfection, collection of water samples, their transport and bacteriological analysis; Methods of excreta

disposal.

UNIT VI: 

Health Education: Definition, principles, objectives, purpose, types and AV aids; Com-

munication - definition, process and types, Behavioural change communication; IEC (Information education and communication) - aims, scope, concept and approaches; Inter personal relationship - Co-ordination and co-operation in health education with other members of the health team; Teaching and learning process, concept, characteristics of leaner and educator; Role and skill of health professional in Health Education.

UNIT VII: 

Biostatistics: Application of statistical principles in history; Presentation of data, calculation of mean, median and mode, range and standard deviation and their significance; Significance of ‘T’ test, Chi square values.

VIROLOGY, MYCOLOGY AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

UNIT I: 

Western blotting, Immuno diffusion, Immuno electrophoresis, Hypersensitivity and its types Introduction to Allergy and its laboratory test. Introduction of transplant immunology, graft rejection, tissue typing for kidney and bone marrow transplant, Laboratory test for transplant.

UNIT II: 

Autoimmune disorders, pathogenesis, organ specific and systemic autoimmune disorders

and its markers such parietal cell antibody, anti-sperm antibody, lupus anticoagulants,

antimitochondrial antibody, ANA, ds DNA, HLA-B27, ASMA, anti CCP. Immunological disorders: primary and secondary immunodeficiency, SCID, AIDS, Tumour, types of tumours, Various Tumour Markers, their significance and method of estimation.

UNIT III:

Vaccines, classification and applications, Active and passive immunization, Immuno-prophylaxis schedule in neonates, children and in pregnancy.

UNIT IV: 

Discovery of viruses, nature and definition of viruses, general properties, concept of viroids, virusoids, satellite viruses and Prions. Structure of Viruses: Capsid symmetry,

enveloped and non-enveloped viruses Isolation, purification and cultivation of viruses, Viral taxonomy: Classification and nomenclature of different groups of viruses, Modes of viral transmission: Persistent, non-persistent, vertical and horizontal. Viral multiplication and replication strategies: Interaction of viruses with cellular receptors and entry of viruses. Assembly, maturation and release of virions.

UNIT V: 

Poxviruses, Herpesviruses, hepatitis viruses, retroviruses-HIV, Picorna viruses, Rhabdoviruses, orthomyxoviruses and paramyxo viruses, TORCH profile, Symptoms, mode of transmission, prophylaxis and control of Polio, Herpes, Hepatitis, Rabies, Dengue, HIV, Influenza with brief description of swine flu, Ebola, Chikungunya, Japanese Encephalitis.

UNIT VI: 

Introduction to oncogenic viruses, Types of oncogenic DNA and RNA viruses, concepts

of oncogenes and proto-oncogenes, prevention & control of viral diseases, antiviral compounds and their mode of action, interferon and their mode of action, General principles of viral vaccination.

BASIC BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATIONS

UNIT I:

Centrifugation, fixed angle and swinging bucket rotors, RCF and sedimentation coefficient, differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation and Ultracentrifugation.

UNIT II: 

Chromatography, its principle, types and applications. Paper Chromatography, Thin

layer chromatography, HPLC, Gas liquid chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography and their application in diagnosis.

UNIT III: 

Basic Principle of electrophoresis, Paper electrophoresis, Gel electrophoresis, PAGE,

SDS-PAGE, Agarose gel electrophoresis, buffer systems in electrophoresis. Electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids, haemoglobin, immunoglobulin’s, isoenzymes Applications of electrophoresis in clinical diagnosis.

UNIT IV: 

Radioisotopes, Radioactivity, instruments for radioactivity measurement, applications

of radioisotopes in clinical biochemistry.

UNIT V: 

Immunoassay: ELISA, RIA, FIA, FACS and their applications in clinical diagnosis.

ESSENTIALS OF MEDICAL PHARMACOLOGY

UNIT I: 

Antimicrobial drugs: Classification and mechanism of action of antimicrobial drugs,

sulphonamides, beta-lactum antibiotics, Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, aminoglyco-

sides, macrolides.

UNIT II: 

Classification and mechanism of action of antitubercular drug, antileprotic drugs, an-

tifungal drugs, antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, antiprotozoal drugs, anthelmintics.

UNIT III: 

Classification and mechanism of action anticancer drugs.

UNIT IV: 

Miscellaneous drugs: Immunosuppressants, gene therapy, drugs acting on skin and mucous membrane, chelating agents, vitamins: Classification and mechanism of action.

UNIT V: 

Vaccines and sera: Classification and mechanism of action.

CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY AND AUTOMATION

UNIT I: 

Introduction to enzymes, Classification of Enzymes, Isoenzymes, Concept of lock and

key and induced fit theory, concept of activation energy and binding energy. Factors affecting enzyme activity.

UNIT II: 

Coenzyme: Classification, various types and function, structure of NAD+, NADP+, FAD and FMN, PPP. Units for measuring enzyme activity, factors affecting enzyme level in serum/plasma. Clinical assay its type, kinetic assay and end point assay for the enzymes.

UNIT III:

Enzyme kinetics, the Michaelis-Menten equation and its physiological significances,

Enzyme Inhibition, types of inhibitors of enzyme.

UNIT IV: 

Isoenzymes, their tissue distribution and clinical significance: ALT, AST, ALP, GGT,

CPK, CK, MB, LDH, Troponin, Myoglobin, Amylase, Lipase, ACP.

UNIT V:

Basic Concepts of Automation, principle, working and maintenance of various clinical

chemistry analysers, point of care testing, Hospital Laboratory Management.

DIAGNOSTIC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 

UNIT I:

Basic transcription apparatus, Initiation, elongation and termination of transcription,

Eukaryotic Transcription of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA, types of RNA polymerases, transcription factors Introduction of translation.

UNIT II: 

Nucleic acid amplification testing, PCR, Principle, Types, applications, Thermal cycler,

RTPCR, reverse transcriptase PCR, Nested PCR.

UNIT III: 

Blotting techniques, southern blotting and Western blotting Introduction to chromosomes, its structure and disorder, Karyotyping, Chromosomal studies in hematological disorders (PBLC and Bone marrow), FISH.

UNIT IV: 

Radioisotopes and its application in measurement of blood volume, determination of red cell volume and plasma volume, red cell life span, platelet life span, radiation hazards and its prevention disposal of radio-active material Introduction and applications of Flow cytometry, Stem cell banking, Prenatal Diagnosis.

UNIT V: 

Nucleic Acids, DNA, RNA, composition, structure, types, denaturation and renatu-

ration of DNA, chemistry of DNA synthesis, general principles of replication, enzyme

involved in DNA replication – DNA polymerases, DNA ligase, primase, telomerase and other accessory proteins.

MODERN BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATIONS

UNIT I: 

Principle, instrumentation of ECG, EEG, EMG and their application.

UNIT II: 

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Equipments: Blood pressure monitors – Electrocardioscope

- Pulse Oximeter - pH meter - Auto analyzer – Pacemakers – Defibrillator - Heart lung machine - Nerve and muscle stimulators - Dialysis machines - Surgical diathermy

equipments – Nebulizer; inhalator - Aspirator – Humidifier - Ventilator and spirometry.

UNIT III: 

Basics of diagnostic radiology – Production, Nature and properties of X rays, X-ray

machine - Block diagram, Application.

UNIT IV: 

Radioisotopes in medical diagnostic, Basic working principle and application of CT scan, PET CT scan.

UNIT V: 

Principles of NMR Imaging systems - Block diagram of NMR Imaging System – Ultrasonic Imaging Systems, Doppler effect, Physiological effects of electricity. Micro macroshock hazards, Protection of patients.

LABORATORY MANAGEMENT AND ETHICS

UNIT I: 

Ethical Principles and standards for a clinical laboratory professional duty to the patient, duty to colleagues and other professionals, Good Laboratory Practice (GLP),Introduction to Basics of GLP and Accreditation, Aims of GLP and Accreditation, Advantages of Accreditation, Brief knowledge about National and International Agencies for clinical laboratory accreditation.

UNIT II: 

Awareness/Safety in a clinical laboratory, General safety precautions. HIV: pre- and

post-exposure guidelines, Hepatitis B C: pre- and post- exposure guidelines, Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. Patient management for clinical samples collection, transportation and preservation, Sample accountability, Purpose of accountability, Methods of accountability.

UNIT III:

Sample analysis: Introduction, factors affecting sample analysis, reporting results, basic

format of a test report, reported reference range, clinical alerts, abnormal results, results

from referral laboratories, release of examination results, alteration in reports.

UNIT IV: 

Quality Management system: Introduction, Quality assurance, Quality control system,

Internal and External quality control, quality control chart, Biomedical Introduction and importance of calibration and Validation of Clinical Laboratory instrument, Ethics in Medical laboratory Practice, Ethics in relation to Pre-Examination procedures, Examination procedures, reporting of results, preserving medical records, Procurement of equipment and Inventory Control.

UNIT V: 

Audit in a Medical Laboratory, Introduction and Importance, NABL CAP, Responsibility, Planning, Horizontal, Vertical and Test audit, Frequency of audit, Documentation.

HOSPITAL INTERNSHIP AND PROJECT

Explain the different audit system in a medical laboratory.

Students shall be deputed to various labs of Pathology department wherein they shall undergo practical training of handling patients, collection and processing of blood, urine, sputum stool and body fluids samples.

Identification of patient’s particulars based on CR number, Lab Number and transfer of samplesfrom collection centres to different labs. Process of performing various tests in different labs.Each student is required to maintain a logbook of the various posting.

Student’s performance shall be evaluated on continuous basis by the faculty posted in various sections. The faculty shall submit the assessment records of each student posted in his/her section on monthly basis to the HOD. Marks will be awarded out of 100.