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Total Leucocyte count

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Aim To determine the total number of white blood cells (leukocytes) present in a unit volume of blood. Principle The principle of total leukocyte count involves diluting the blood sample to lyse red blood cells and counting the remaining white blood cells using a hemocytometer under a microscope. The dilution factor and the volume of the blood sample are used to calculate the total leukocyte count. Equipment and Reagents Required 1. Hemocytometer 2. Microscope 3. Pipettes 4. Diluting fluid (e.g., Turk's solution or isotonic saline) 5. Lancing device or needle 6. Blood collection tube Procedure 1. Collect a blood sample using a lancing device or needle and anticoagulated blood collection tube. 2. Dilute the blood sample with a known volume of diluting fluid in a specific ratio (commonly 1:20 or 1:10). 3. Mix the diluted blood sample thoroughly to ensure uniform distribution. 4. Transfer a measured volume of the diluted blood sample into the hemocytometer. 5. Allow the white blood ce...
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Total RBC count

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  Aim To determine the total number of red blood cells (RBCs) present in a unit volume of blood. Principle The principle of total RBC count involves counting the number of red blood cells in a diluted blood sample under a microscope. The dilution factor and the volume of the blood sample are used to calculate the total RBC count. Equipment and Reagents Required 1. Hemocytometer 2. Microscope 3. Pipettes 4. Diluting fluid (e.g., Hayem's solution) 5. Lancing device or needle 6. Blood collection tube Procedure 1. Collect a blood sample using a lancing device or needle and anticoagulated blood collection tube. 2. Dilute the blood sample with a known volume of diluting fluid in a specific ratio (commonly 1:200). 3. Mix the diluted blood sample thoroughly to ensure uniform distribution. 4. Transfer a measured volume of the diluted blood sample into the hemocytometer. 5. Allow the red blood cells to settle in the counting chamber. 6. Count the number of red blood cells in multiple fields ...
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Haemoglobin by CMG method

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 Aim: To determine the concentration of hemoglobin in a blood sample using the Cyanmethemoglobin (CMG) method. Principle: The CMG method involves converting hemoglobin in the blood sample to cyanmethemoglobin by reacting it with potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide. Cyanmethemoglobin has a stable color, allowing for spectrophotometric measurement at a specific wavelength. The absorbance of the resulting solution is proportional to the concentration of hemoglobin present, enabling quantification. Equipment and Reagents Required: 1. Spectrophotometer 2. Test tubes 3. Pipettes 4. Potassium ferricyanide solution 5. Potassium cyanide solution 6. Blood sample 7. Distilled water Procedure: 1. Prepare a series of dilutions of the blood sample using distilled water. 2. Mix each diluted blood sample with potassium ferricyanide and potassium cyanide solutions. 3. Incubate the mixture to allow the formation of cyanmethemoglobin. 4. Measure the absorbance of each sample at a specific wa...
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Sahli's Hemoglobin Method

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Aim The aim of Sahli's hemoglobin method is to measure the concentration of hemoglobin in a blood sample. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. Principle Sahli's hemoglobin method is based on the colorimetric principle. Hemoglobin is converted to acid hematin, which has a brown color. The intensity of the brown color is proportional to the concentration of hemoglobin in the sample. The color of the sample is then compared to a standard color scale to determine the hemoglobin concentration. Equipment and reagents  * Sahli's hemoglobinometer  * Pipettes  * Stirrer  * Hydrochloric acid  * Distilled water Procedure 1. Take a measured volume of blood (usually 20 ΞΌL) using a pipette and transfer it into the Sahli's hemoglobinometer. 2. Add distilled water to dilute the blood sample in the hemoglobinometer to a specific mark. 3. Add a few drops of potassium cyanide solution to convert hemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin, ...
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Laboratory management and ethics

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  Unit II:  A. Awareness and safety in a clinical laboratory, General safety precautions IMPORTANT QUESTIONS: 1. Laboratory safety definition? Describe the classification of it. Ans: Laboratory safety is a careful process, with the goal of preventing injuries and diseases from occurring among students, scientists, laboratory staff, and the community. Classification: a. Personal safety b. Room and Environment safety c. Reagent and equipment safety 2. Why laboratory safety is important? Ans: Laboratory safety is a major aspect of every lab-based science class. To Prevent- a. adverse health effects from exposure to chemicals b. exposure to organisms, diseases, etc. in laboratories c. laboratories equipment hazards- if not maintained properly 3. Short notes on: a. Personal Protective Equipment [PPE] => Personal protective equipment (PPE) refers to clothing, equipment, or gear worn to minimize exposure to hazards or risks in the workplace or other environments. PPE includes ...
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Nucleic Acid and Structure

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Nucleic Acid & Structure Nucleic Acid :  β€’ Definition : Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.  β€’Nucleic Acid is made up of three components-    i. A Nitrogenous base ii. A Pentose(five carbon) sugar iii. A Phosphate group β€’The two main types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA).  β€’DNA and RNA are made up of monomers known as nucleotides. DNA: β€’ Definition:  DNA is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms. It consists of a double helix structure made up of nucleotides containing the bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. β€’ Structure  DNA is an antiparallel double helix  composed of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). A always pairs wit...
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Medical Topic

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 β€’Medical Topics HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY UNIT I: Terminology and General Plan of the Body, Body Parts and Areas, Terms of Location and Position, Body Cavities and their membranes, Dorsal cavity, Ventral cavity, Planes and Sections. UNIT II: Cells : Structure, function and location, Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, Cell organelles, Cell division. Tissue, Types, Structure, Location and Function of Epithelial Tissue, Connective Tissue, Muscle Tissue, Nerve Tissue, Membranes, Glandular tissue. The Integumentary System: structure and function of The Skin, Subcutaneous Tissue. UNIT III:  Cell physiology : Structure, membrane, transport across cell membrane, Active, Passive, Organization of the Body, Body Composition, Body Fluid Volumes and its measurement, Diffusion, Osmosis, Tonicity, Homeostasis. UNIT IV:  Blood-composition, function, cellular component their function, haemoglobin and anaemia, blood groups and coagulation. Lymphatic system-Composition function of lymph,...
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